______Atsauces no consensus dokumenta_____

Metabolic health: overweight and obesity; type 2 diabetes mellitus; metabolic syndrome and dyslipidaemia; inflammation

Inulin, GOS, FOS

References:

22. Dewulf, E. M. et al. Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women. Gut 62, 1112–1121 (2013).

Delzenne, N. M., Cani, P. D., Daubioul, C. & Neyrinck, A. M. Impact of inulin and oligofructose on gastrointestinal peptides. Br. J. Nutr. 93, S157–S161 (2005).

Cani, P. D. et al. Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 90, 1236–1243 (2009).

Kellow, N. J., Coughlan, M. T. & Reid, C. M. Metabolic benefits of dietary prebiotics in human subjects: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Br. J. Nutr. 111, 1147–1161 (2014).

Beserra, B. T. S. et al. A systematic review and meta‑analysis of the prebiotics and synbiotics effects on glycemia, insulin concentrations and lipid parameters in adult patients with overweight or obesity. Clin. Nutr. 34, 845–858 (2015).

Fernandes, R., do Rosario, V. A., Mocellin, M. C., Kuntz, M. G. F. & Trindale, E. B. S. M. Effects of inulin‑type fructans, galacto-oligosaccharides and related synbiotics on inflammatory markers in adult patients with overweight or obesity: a systematic review. Clin. Nutr. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.10.003 (2016).

Nicolucci, A. C. & Reimer, R. A. Prebiotics as a modulator of gut microbiota in paediatric obesity. Ped. Obes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12140 (2016).

Barengolts, E. Gut microbiota, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in management of obesity and prediabetes: review of randomized controlled trials. Endocr. Pract. 22, 1224–1234 (2016).

Parnell, J. A., Raman, M., Rioux, K. P. & Reimer, R. A. The potential role of prebiotic fibre for treatment and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and associated obesity and metabolic syndrome. Liver Int. 32, 701–711 (2012).

Vulevic, J., Juric, A., Tzortzis, G. & Gibson, G. R. A mixture of trans-galactooligosaccharides reduces markers of metabolic syndrome and modulates the fecal microbiota and immune function of overweight adults. J. Nutr. 143, 324–331 (2013).

Cani, P. D. et al. Improvement of glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin sensitivity by oligofructose requires a functional glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. Diabetes 55, 1484–1490 (2006).

Satiety

FOS

References:

75. Cani, P. D. et al. Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 90, 1236–1243 (2009).

Parnell, J. A. & Reimer, R. A. Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89, 1751–1759 (2009).

Cani, P. D. et al. Improvement of glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin sensitivity by oligofructose requires a functional glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. Diabetes 55, 1484–1490 (2006).

Verhoef, S. P., Meyer, D. & Westerterp, K. R. Effects of oligofructose on appetite profile, glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY3‑36 concentrations and energy intake. Br. J. Nutr. 106, 1757–1762 (2011).

Hume, M. P., Nicolucci, A. C. & Reimer, R. A. Prebiotic supplementation improves appetite in children with overweight and obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.140947 (2017).

Stimulation of neurochemical-producing bacteria in the gut

GOS

References:

93. Schmidt, K. et al. Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 232, 1793–1801 (2015).

Sherwin, E., Rea, K., Dinan, T. G. & Cryan, J. F. A gut (microbiome) feeling about the brain. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 32, 96–102 (2016).

Improved absorption of calcium and other minerals, bone health

Inulin, FOS

References:

95. Kim, Y. Y. et al. The effect of chicory fructan fiber on calcium absorption and bone metabolism in Korean postmenopausal women. Nutr. Sci. 7, 151–157 (2004).

Holloway, L. et al. Effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women. Br. J. Nutr. 97, 365–372 (2007).

McCabe, L., Britton, R. A. & Parameswaran, N. Prebiotic and probiotic regulation of bone health: role of the intestine and its microbiome. Curr. Osteoporos. Res. 13, 363–371 (2015).

Firmansyah, A. et al. Fructans in the first 1000 days of life and beyond, and for pregnancy. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 25, 652–675 (2016).

Abrams, S. A. et al. A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82, 471–476 (2005).

Skin health, improved water retention and reduced erythema

GOS

References:

100. Kano, M. et al. Consecutive intake of fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult and galacto-oligosaccharides benefits skin condition in healthy adult women. Biosci. Microbiota Food Health 32, 33–39 (2013).

Miyazaki, K., Masuoka, N., Kano, M. & Iizuka, R. Bifidobacterium fermented milk and galacto-oligosaccharides lead to improved skin health by decreasing phenols production by gut microbiota. Benef. Microbes 5, 121–128 (2014).

Allergy

FOS, GOS

References:

102. Cuello-Garcia, C. A. et al. World Allergy Organization — McMaster University guidelines for allergic disease prevention (GLAD‑P): prebiotics. World Allergy Organ. J. 9, 10 (2016).

Osborn, D. A. & Sinn, J. K. Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3, CD006474 (2013).

Dang, D. et al. Meta-analysis of probiotics and/or prebiotics for the prevention of eczema. J. Int. Med. Res. 41, 1426–1436 (2013).

Boyle, R. J. et al. Prebiotic-supplemented partially hydrolysed cow’s milk formula for the prevention of eczema in high-risk infants: a randomized controlled trial. Allergy 71, 701–710 (2016).

IBD

Inulin, lactulose

References:

106. Ghouri, Y. A. et al. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol. 7, 473–487 (2014).

Urogenital health

GOS

References:

107. Coste, I., Judlin, P., Lepargneur, J.‑P. & Bou-Antoun, S. Safety and efficacy of an intravaginal prebiotic gel in the prevention of recurrent bacterial vaginosis: a randomized double-blind study. Obstet. Gynecol. Int. 2012, 147867 (2012).

Bowel habit and general gut health in infants

GOS, FOS

References:

108. Giovannini, M. et al. Prebiotic effect of an infant formula supplemented with galacto-oligosaccharides: randomized multicenter trial. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 33, 385–393 (2014).

Radke, M. et al. Starter formula enriched in prebiotics and probiotics ensures normal growth of infants and promotes gut health: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatr. Res. 81, 622–631 (2016).

Infections and vaccine response

FOS, GOS, polydextrose

References:

Martinez, R. C. R., Bedani, R. & Saad, S. M. I. Scientific evidence for the health effects attributed to the consumption of probiotics and prebiotics: an update for current perspectives and future challenges. Br. J. Nutr. 114, 1993–2015 (2015).

Valdez, Y., Brown, E. M. & Finlay, B. B. Influence of the microbiota on vaccine effectiveness. Trend. Immunol. 35, 526–537 (2014).

Lohner, S., Kullenberg, D., Antes, G., Decsi, T. & Meerpohl, J. J. Prebiotics in healthy infants and children for prevention of acute infectious diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr. Rev. 8, 523–531 (2014).

Chatchatee, P. et al. Effects of growing‑up milk supplemented with prebiotics and LCPUFAs on infections in young children. J. Ped. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 58, 428–437 (2014).

Luoto, R. et al. Prebiotic and probiotic supplementation prevents rhinovirus infections in preterm infants: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 133, 405–413 (2014).

Necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

GOS, FOS

References:

Armanian, A. M. et al. The effect of neutral oligosaccharides on reducing the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial. Int. J. Prev. Med. 5, 1387–1395 (2014).

IBS

GOS

References:

Silk, D. B., Davis, A., Vulevic, J., Tzortzis, G. & Gibson, G. R. Clinical trial: the effects of a trans-galactooligosaccharide prebiotic on faecal microbiota and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Alim. Pharm. Ther. 29, 508–518 (2009).

Traveller’s diarrhoea

GOS

References:

Drakoularakou, A., Tzortzis, G., Rastall, R. A. & Gibson, G. R. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized human study assessing the capacity of a novel galacto-oligosaccharide mixture in reducing travellers’ diarrhoea. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 64, 146–152 (2010).

Constipation

Inulin

References:

Christodoulides, S. et al. Systematic review with meta‑analysis: effect of fibre supplementation on chronic idiopathic constipation in adults. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 44, 103–116 (2016).

Closa-Monasterolo, R. et al. The use of inulin-type fructans improves stool consistency in constipated children. A randomised clinical trial: pilot study. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 8, 1–11 (2016).

Immune function in elderly individuals

GOS

References:

Vulevic, J. et al. Influence of galacto-oligosaccharide mixture (B‑GOS) on gut microbiota, immune parameters and metabonomics in elderly persons. Br. J. Nutr. 114, 586–595 (2015).

Vulevic, J., Drakoularakou, A., Yaqoob, P., Tzortzis, G. & Gibson, G. R. Modulation of the fecal microflora profile and immune function by a novel trans-galactooligosaccharide mixture (B‑GOS) in healthy elderly volunteers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88, 1438–1446 (2008).